01Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
Short Brief Sapiens charts the incredible story of how our species, Homo sapiens , evolved from an insignificant ape in a corner of Africa to become the dominant force on planet Earth. It’s a sweeping narrative that connects biology, history, and economics to explain how we got here and to ask the provocative…
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How the ability to believe in fiction gave us our greatest superpower.
02The Cognitive Revolution gave us our superpower: fiction
For most of our history, Homo sapiens was an unremarkable animal. We shared the planet with several other human species, like the Neanderthals, and we were firmly in the middle of the food chain. Then, around 70,000 years ago, something changed. We underwent a Cognitive Revolution, and it was all thanks to a shift in…
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03We are the last humans standing
It’s easy to think of ourselves as the pinnacle of creation, the only 'humans' to ever walk the Earth. But for most of our existence, that wasn't true. From about 2 million years ago until as recently as 13,000 years ago, the world was home to several different human species at the same time. We had brothers and…
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04The Agricultural Revolution was history's biggest fraud
We tend to view the shift from foraging to farming as a great leap forward for humanity. We imagine our ancestors abandoning a difficult and dangerous life for a stable, plentiful one. Harari argues this is a profound misunderstanding. From the perspective of the average person, the Agricultural Revolution was a trap…
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05Imagined orders unite millions of strangers
The Agricultural Revolution created the potential for cities and empires, but it didn't provide the software to run them. How do you organize societies with millions of people who have no biological instinct for mass cooperation? The answer lies in building upon our unique talent for fiction. We invented grand stories…
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06Money is the most successful story ever told
Of all the imagined orders humans have created, money is the most universal and arguably the most successful. It is the ultimate system of mutual trust, and it works because everyone believes that everyone else believes in it. Its value isn't in the metal of a coin or the paper of a banknote, but in our collective…
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07The Scientific Revolution was built on ignorance
Around the year 1500, humanity began another profound transformation: the Scientific Revolution. What made modern science so different from all previous traditions of knowledge? Harari argues that it came down to three critical breakthroughs. First was the willingness to admit ignorance. Premodern knowledge systems…
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08The marriage of science, empire, and capital fueled global conquest
The Scientific Revolution didn't happen in a vacuum. Its explosive growth and global impact were the result of a powerful alliance with two other forces: European imperialism and capitalism. This trio formed the engine of the modern world, each part reinforcing the others. For centuries, Europe was a relative…
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09Happiness may not be what you think it is
After 70,000 years of revolutions and progress, are we happier than our Stone Age ancestors? This is one of history's most important questions, yet it's rarely asked. Harari explores this puzzle from several angles, and the answers are far from simple. One view is that happiness depends on our material circumstances.…
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10The Animal That Became a God
Sapiens takes us on a breathtaking journey, showing how we went from being just one of several human species to the undisputed rulers of the world. Three great revolutions propelled us forward. The Cognitive Revolution gave us the power of shared fictions, allowing for unprecedented cooperation. The Agricultural…
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11The animal that became a god
In Sapiens , Yuval Noah Harari presents a provocative and panoramic view of our species' history. He argues that our journey from an insignificant ape to the ruler of the world was made possible by our ability to create and believe in fictions. These shared myths—from ancient spirits to modern nations, corporations,…
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